Suicide Rates Statistics Analysis In India Sociology Essay

Suicide Rates Statistics Analysis In India Sociology EssayWorld Health Organization sponsor Director-General Catherine Le Gals-Camus finds that more people around the world die from suicide than other causes. 1. According to Dr Anuradha Bose, associate professor in pediatrics who also whole caboodle for the CMCs depart workforcet of community health, suicide is the third largest single cause of death among Indian youth between the ages of 15-19. One in ein truth three cases of suicide in India is committed by people due to academic pressure.2. A suicide is reported in India all 15 minutes and it is believed that there ar many more cases of suicides that are non reported, so the actual number is very gamey.3. Kerala, the state with the higher(prenominal)est literacy drift in all of India also has the highest suicide rate which is an alarming factor for academic pressure.4. The average suicide rate in India is 103 per 100,000 people compared with the worldwide average of 14.5 suicides per 100,000 people.6. More than 100,000 people commit suicide in India every year and 3 people a day take their own lives in Mumbai.The rate of suicide among females in India is close to three measure that of males. The average rate for suicide among males in India is 58 for every 100,000 and 148 for every 100,000 women. This is contradicting to the situation in other parts of the world where the rate of suicides is high among men rather than women.Females, in contrast to males, characteristically are more open to ask for medical help and to communicate their anxieties and fears to signifi give the bouncet others. Males tend to be sapiently aware of intuitive feelingings of sexual inadequacy or inadequacy of masculinity and believe it shameful to communicate such feelings. This seems to hold true for college-age males and females as well as adolescents.POSSIBLE REASONSAlthough the origins for suicide in students are likely as varied as the people who commit them, there are some primary reasons for the high suicide rate in India. Here are some of the close to common reasons for committing suicide in India.1. Pressure to perform In this modern age, from the irregular the electric shaver is born, hes brought up in a very militant fashion. They are under tremendous pressure to deliver at schools well as sports and for competitive examinations. Parents and society expect a lot from the children and the pressure to perform is high. A lot of students contemplate suicide because they could not achieve the well-grounded scores pass judgment by their parents.2. Family conflict, including domestic violence India is losing the support that has traditionally come from the joint family system, as many couples now opt to live on their own, away from the await of the family. in that location is less bonding and interaction with the family members and the feeling of neglect make the children feel unwanted and they get depressed.3. Ragging In few cases, ragg ing in colleges has been launch reason for suicide in their first year. The emotional and humiliating treatment that the seniors give the juniors, make them want to forget everything by ending their lives.4. Copy-Cat Another explanation for the high teenage suicide rate was copy-cat suicides where children read about suicides in newspapers and decide to do the same thing themselves. There take a crap been many incidents where children try to attend suicides scenes from movies for fun and end up getting killed5. Virtual bearing- clippingstyle These days children are hooked to videogames and computer. The internet can be considered as boon or bane. Children have been sucked into the virtual world and they have been so addicted to it that they find it hard to live in the real world. This has led to many suicides as they have not been able to become normal againThe factors responsible behind the student suicide are quite different from other suicides like found in elders. The few t rends have been observed in a survey in educational institutes across in US. Out of 2402 students, 1078 (45.8%) had psychological problems, half (1201 students) sensed problems in their role as students, 930 (45%) reported academic decline, 180 (8.82%) students reported that life was a burden, 122 (6%) reported suicidal appraisals and 8 (0.39%) students reported suicidal attempt. There was significant correlation between students perception of life as a burden and class they were studying, mothers working status, psychological problems and problems students experienced in relation to study, peers, in store(predicate) planning and with parents.Risk FactorsBiological Clues Family history of mental illness including depression, puberty, cognitive impairments, disability, chronic illness, substance abuse, anxiety, mood disorders and conduct disorderSociological Contagion, peer pressure, family conflicts, dose and alcohol abuse, other abuse, academic pressures expectations of school, family and self break-up in a relationship, interpersonal losses, legal or disciplinary issues, bullying/harassment, negative social environment, victimization experiences mental Negative self-talk like Im no good or I am not worthy poor distress tolerance, poor resiliency, poor interpersonal problem-solving, discolour and white thinking, previous suicide attemptExistential failure to see the good in the world, hopelessness Whats the point its not going to change chatThe addressing of this social problem can be divided in two types-Proactive- Raising awareness among the students community at large at not to feel depressed and communicating that suicide is not an end to problems.Reactive This communication for those who need help right at the moment. As suicide tendency is very ephemeraltendencies quite some time. If the patient can be counseled right at the moment than suicide can be avoided.I would propose an incorporated communication plan across the channels as they have dif ferent reach and richness.Before going deeper we have to select the central communication idea for the campaign. As the basic problem is depression due to some failure , the value of life should be shown in all the campaign.The central idea can beLife is to live and not to end.You can end you life, not problems.The creative brief can be framed around what the chetan bhagat has mentioned in a address to students to a university-Dont be serious, be sincere. This quote has defined my work ever since. Whether its my writing, my job, my relationships or any of my goals. I get thousands of opinions on my writing every day. There is heaps of praise, there is intense criticism. If I take it all seriously, how will I write? Or rather, how will I live?Life is not to be taken seriously, as we are really temporary here. We are like a pre-paid card with limited validity. If we are lucky, we may plump another 50 years. And 50 years is just 2,500 weekends. Do we really need to get so worked up? I ts ok, bunk a few classes, transgress up a few interviews, fall in love. We are people, not programmed devices.Mass communication-This can be divided further in different movement ideas-Movies Few movies and documentary can be made which showcases the people who sometimes were depressed and thought of doing suicide have fought against the problem and become successful. The recently released flick 3 idiots portrays such a character in which a brilliant student commits suicide due to failure in the exams.Textbooks- Last page of school text books can be devoted to such na motivationall stories about the people who did not do well in studies but able to make the histories in their field. People like Sachin Tendulkar , Bill gates , Mark Zukerberg who are college drop outs can be cited to make sure that text book and exams are not the end in itself.Newspapers- The stories of committing suicide should not be given prime importance as it may promote the copycat to further to take the p ath. decree should not sympathize with the people who commit suicide as it gives a signal to potential person to reach that destination.CounselingEvery college should have time to time personal interaction with their students and family members on their academic performance and behavioral changes if any. Research shows that timely personal counseling is the most successful factor in preventing suicide cases. If needed, a professional psychologist can be sought for effective counseling.The counseling should be extended to parents and teachers. They also have to be educated that not every child can be best at everything and they have to find out their childs interest. Recently released movie Taree Zameen Par showcases this that every child is good at something and we have to nurture their interest rather than imposing their will on the students. Some psychologist suggests that parents drives the things which they were not able to do during their times through their child an in this p rocess they go beyond the capabilities of the child.The overall personality of a student should be other parameter like sports and art also in students morale boosting.Help Line-Various help line is set up across the world who help the person who are depressed and counseling.Few of the most popular one are as below-http//www.samaritansofboston.org/ You are not alone.http//www.befrienders.org/A helpline in Mumbai, called Aasra, has been operating for several years to tackle the problem.Connect to Young kids- caseful book page Fight Against Growing Teenage SUICIDES having 768 likesIn January Samaritans hosts an annual memorial service open to all suicide survivors.Dr. Anuradha Bose has begun a program of family life education, which includes information on sex and relationship for high school students which he hopes will help, but he admits its a small start to a cosmic problem.Maharastra, the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) and the Bombay Psychiatry Society (BPS) have laun ched an intitiative Life is Beautiftul to locate syndromes of depression in child. They recently roped in Amir Khan as a Brand Ambassador fot hits.CampaignMotivation Parent CounselingHelp line-

Role of Medicinal Plants for Health

Role of Medicinal Plants for HealthGeneralThe use of natural products with therapeutic properties is as ancient as human civilization. For a actually long time, mineral, plant and animal products were the main writers of drugs 1.The use of complementary c ar for to alleviate and improve health conditions is change magnitude in developed countries 2. New healthful plants from different parts of the world argon being investigated with this purpose in mind 3. Although the utilization of botanicals has increased in the western world, there is a want of in formation about mechanisms of action and potential differences among species within the same genus 4.Now-a-days, several plants curb been identified for their anti fag endcer and anti- subversive compounds. Scientific experiments on the anti movecer properties of plants and their components have been detected. Herbal medicines have been the basis of sermon and cure for various diseases and physiological conditions in traditiona listic methods practiced much(prenominal)(prenominal) as ayurveda, unani and siddha. However no dogmatic studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the formulations from the plant were undertaken. Also no attempts were made to isolate and identify the active principles convoluted in these effects 5.As an evolutionary response plants were obliged to produce and store a wide clutches of organic molecules. These substances atomic number 18 usually terminused as atomic number 42ary metabolites (SM). or so of these compounds ar concern in the survival of the plants as a defense mechanism against natural enemies. M some(prenominal) SM could actively interact with targets in the human body motivator a bio action at law of interest 6. The bioactive compounds of medicinal plants are used as anti-diabetic, chem early(a)apeutic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic agents where no satisfactory cure is present in modern medicines.The use of plants for medicinal purpos es dates fundament to antiquity be reasonableness they contain components of therapeutic value 7. Medicinal plants are cheaper and more accessible to most of the population in the world. The acceptance of traditional medicine as an alternative form of health care and the development of microbial resistance to the available antibiotics has led researchers to investigate various therapeutic uses of medicinal plants 8. Therefore, the quest for plants with medicinal properties continues to receive attention as scientists are in need of plants, particularly of ethno botanical signifi dopece for a complete range of biological activities, which ranges from antibiotic to anti-cancerous 9.Bangladesh features a sub-tropical climate and low-lying land clutch largely adjacent to extensive river deltas. The country comprises very fertile soils and is home to some rare eco system of ruless such as the Sundarbans mangrove forests. Given the fertile plains and high population density, the indigeno us vegetation has mostly go againstn way to cropland and extensive cultivation. Today, almost 60% of the landmass is used for farming, which is a global maximum value. However, originally large parts of Bangladesh featured tropical forests and marshy jungle with extremely bio-diverse flora being besides an excellent source for medicinal plants.The Bangladeshi traditional medicine is a unique conglomerate of different ethnomedical influences. Due to the geographic location and sociocultural characteristics of the country, it involves traditionally rooted elements influenced by local indigenous people and close-by Indian Ayurveda and Unani medicine 10, 11. Given its inexpensive, easily accessible and well-established health services, the use of traditional medicine is an integral part of creation health services in Bangladesh with its providers being deeply embedded within the local community 12-14. Recent data suggest that the utilization of traditional medicine health services i n Bangladesh is widespread 15 and plays a crucial role in providing health care for poor people, people in rural areas and for tribal people 16.Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of medicinal plantsThe anti-oxidative activity has been confirmed contri only ifing kinds of cancer and inflammatory preventions for its multiple functional roles. The production of oxidants is a typical event associated with oxidative metabolism. When oxygen is supplied in excess or its reduction is insufficient, labile oxygen species or free substructures such as su peroxide anions, hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide are generated 17. Accumulation of the free radicals in body organs or tissues can cause oxidative reproach to biomolecules and membranes of cell, eventually leading to many chronic diseases, such as inflammatory, cancer, diabetes, aging, cardiac dysfunction and other(a) degenerative diseases 18. In the last 50 years, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of extrac ts from medicinal or food plants have been extensively investigated. Many pharmacological studies have shown that extracts of some antioxidant plant possess anti-inflammatory, anti-hypersensitive, anti-neoplasm, anti-bacterial, anti-mutagenic and anti-viral activities to a greater or lesser extent. Researchers reported that intake of fruits, vegetables and other foods having high antioxidant activity has been associated with reduced risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and other diseases 17. Trouillas et al. investigated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties of sixteen French herbal tea and represent some herbs exhibited high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities 19. Antioxidant activities in twenty traditional anti-inflammatory herbs extracts were investigated. The go outs suggested that the anti-inflammatory activities of these extracts could be explained, at least in part, by their antioxidant properties 20. Free radicals liberated from phagocyte cells are important in inflammatory processes, because they are implicated in the activation of nuclear factor kB, which induces the transcription of inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase-2 21.Free radicals and oxidative stressReactive oxygen species (ROS) is a term that encompasses all highly reactive, oxygen containing molecules, including free radicals. Types of ROS include the hydroxyl radical, the superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, nitric oxide radical, hypochlorite radical, and various lipid peroxides. All are up to(p) of reacting with membrane lipids, nucleic acids, proteins and enzymes, and other small molecules, resulting in cellular damage. ROS are generated by a number of pathways. about of the oxidants produced by cells occur asA progeny of normal aerobic metabolism approximately 90% of the oxygen utilized by the cell is consumed by the mitochondrial electron transport system.Oxidative burst from p hagocytes (white lineage cells) as part of the mechanism by which bacteria and viruses are killed, and by which foreign proteins (antigens) are denatured.Xenobiotic metabolism, i.e., detoxification of toxic substances.Consequently, things like vigorous exercise, which accelerates cellular metabolism chronic inflammation, infections, and other illnesses delineation to allergens and the presence of leaky gut syndrome and exposure to drugs or toxins such as cigarette smoke, pollution, pesticides, and insecticides may all contribute to an increase in the bodys oxidant load 22.Most reactive oxygen species are generated as by-products during mitochondrial electron transport. In addition ROS are organise as needful intermediates of coat catalyzed oxidisation reactions. Atomic oxygen has two unpaired electrons in separate orbits in its outer electron shell. This electron structure makes oxygen susceptible to radical formation. The sequential reduction of oxygen through the addition of electrons leads to the formation of a number of ROS including superoxide hydrogen peroxide hydroxyl radical hydroxyl ion and nitric oxide.Free radicals and other ROS are derived either from normal essential metabolic processes in the human body or from external sources such as exposure to X-rays, ozone, cigarette smoking, air pollutants, and industrial chemicals. Free radical formation occurs continuously in the cells as a consequence of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. Enzymatic reactions, which help as source of free radicals, include those convoluted in the respiratory chain, in phagocytosis, in prostaglandin synthesis, and in the cytochrome P-450 system. Free radicals can also be formed in non-enzymatic reactions of oxygen with organic compounds as well as those initiated by ionizing reactions.Some internally generated sources of free radicals are Mitochondria, Xanthine oxidase, Peroxisomes, Inflammation, Phagocytosis, Arachidonate pathways, Exercise, Ischemia/rep erfusion injury etc.Some externally generated sources of free radicals are- Cigarette smoke, Environmental pollutants, Radiation, Certain drugs, pesticides, Industrial solvents, Ozone etc.Normally, cells defend themselves against ROS damage with enzymes such as alpha-1-microglobulin, superoxide dismutases, catalases, lactoperoxidases, glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins. Small molecule antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherol (vitamin E), uric acid, and glutathione also play important roles as cellular antioxidants. In a similar manner, polyphenol antioxidants assist in preventing ROS damage by scavenging free radicals. In contrast, the antioxidant ability of the extracellular space is less e.g., the most important plasma antioxidant in humans is uric acid.Effects of ROS on cell metabolism are well documented in a variety of species. These include not only roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death) but also positive effects such as the induction of host def ense genes and mobilization of ion transport systems. This implicates them in wangle of cellular function. In particular, thrombocytes involved in wound repair and subscriber line homeostasis release ROS to recruit additional platelets to sites of injury. These also provide a link to the adaptive immune system via the recruitment of leukocytes.Reactive oxygen species are implicated in cellular activity to a variety of inflammatory responses including cardiovascular disease. They may also be involved in hearing impairment via cochlear damage induced by elevated sound levels, in ototoxicity of drugs such as cisplatin, and in congenital deafness in both animals and humans. ROS are also implicated in mediation of apoptosis or programmed cell death and ischemic injury. Specific examples include cerebrovascular accident and heart attack.All the biological molecules present in our body are at risk of being attacked by free radicals. Such damaged molecules can impair cell functions and even lead to cell death eventually resulting in diseased states.In recent years it has become apparent that the oxidation of lipids, or lipid peroxidation, is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of several disease states in adult and infant patients. Lipid peroxidation is a process generated course in small amounts in the body, mainly by the effect of several reactive oxygen species (hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide etc.). It can also be generated by the action of several phagocytes. These reactive oxygen species readily attack the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the fatty acid membrane, initiating a self-propagating chain reaction. The destruction of membrane lipids and the end-products of such lipid peroxidation reactions are especially dangerous for the viability of cells, even tissues 23-25.Membrane lipids present in subcellular organelles are highly susceptible to free radical damage. Lipids when reacted with free radicals can undergo the highly damaging chain reaction of lipi d peroxidation (LP) leading to both direct and indirect effects. During LP a large number of toxic byproducts are also formed that can have effects at a site away from the area of generation, behaving as second messengers. The damage caused by LP is highly detrimental to the functioning of the cell 26.Lipid peroxidation is a free radical mediated process. Initiation of a peroxidative sequence is due to the attack by any species, which can abstract a hydrogen particle from a methylene group (CH2), leaving behind an unpaired electron on the carbon atom (CH). The resultant carbon radical is stabilized by molecular rearrangement to produce a conjugated diene, which then can react with an oxygen molecule to give a lipid peroxyl radical (LOO). These radicals can further abstract hydrogen atoms from other lipid molecules to form lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and at the same time dust LP further.The process of LP, gives rise to many products of toxicological interest like malondialdehyde (M DA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and various 2-alkenals. Isoprostanes are unique products of lipid peroxidation of arachidonic acid and recently tests such as mass spectrometry and ELISA-assay kits are available to detect isoprostanes 27.Oxidation of proteins by ROS/RNS can generate a range of stable as well as reactive products such as protein hydroperoxides that can generate additional radicals particularly upon interaction with transition metal ions. Although most oxidized proteins that are functionally inactive are rapidly removed, some can gradually accumulate with time and thereby contribute to the damage associated with ageing as well as various diseases. Lipofuscin, an immix of peroxidized lipids and proteins accumulates in lysosomes of aged cells and brain cells of patients with Alzheimers disease 28.InflammationInflammation is one of the body unique mechanisms that help body to protect itself against infection, burn, toxic chemicals, allergens or other noxious stimuli 29. It is a body defense reaction in order to eliminate or limit the spread of injurious agent 30. The process is created by immune cells invading the tissue like an army in full battle mode 31.There are various components of inflammatory reaction that can contribute to the associated symptoms and tissue injury 30. During inflammation, innate cells and molecules are usually stimulated to isolate, destroy infectious agents and repair tissue, or sometimes the adaptive immune system is also stimulated 32. Consequently, the mechanism works in a cascade, where the inflammation is often triggered by circulating immune complexes that enter tissues 31.Principally, inflammation is manifested by painfulness, swelling, fervor band loss of function in the afflicted tissue 31, 33. Saladin (2007) categorise process of inflammation into three major processes mobilization of the bodys defenses, containment and destruction of pathogens, and tissue peachy up and repair 34. While Mahat and Patil (2007) classified the process into three phases the first phase is caused by an increase in vascular permeability, the second one by infiltration of leukocytes and the third one by granuloma formation 30.The inflammatory response is initiated by circulating proteins and blood cells when they contact invaders in the tissue. Microbial invaders that lodge in body tissue and begin to proliferated triggered inflammatory response 33. Bacterial products interact with plasma factors and cells to produce agents that attract neutrophils to the infected area (chemotaxis). The chemotactic agents, which are part of a large family of chemokines, include a component of the complement system (C5a), histamine, kinins, leukotrienes, and polypeptides from lymphocytes, mast cells, and basophils 35. The neutrophils also produce oxidants and release granular constituents comprising of lytic enzymes performing important role in inflammatory injury 36. The innate immune system contributes to inflammation by acti vating the alternative and lechitin-binding complement pathways, attracting and activating phagocytic cells that secrete cytokines and chemokines, activating NK cells, altering vas. The result would firstly be increased in blood flow to the affected tissue which accelerates the delivery of immune system element to the site 33. The vasodilation would later cause enlarged capillaries and lead to redness (erythema) as well as increase in temperature, which for an influx of tranquil and cells, contributing to swelling 32. Saladin (2007) explained that the increased in blood flow also washes toxin and metabolic wastes from the tissue rapidly. In addition, vasoactive chemicals cause endothelial cells of the blood capillaries to separate a little, widening the intracellular cleft between them and increasing capillary permeability that ease the movement of fluid, leukocytes, and plasma proteins from the bloodstream into the surrounding tissue 34.In the area of injury, many of the neutrophi ls enter the tissues. As neutrophils encounter bacteria, they avidly phagocytize, digest and destroy them. Neutrophils also recruit macrophages and additional neutrophils by secreting cytokines 33. Activated macrophages and T cells in the inflamed tissue also secrete cytokines called colony stimulant drug factors, which labors the production of more leukocytes by the red bone marrow. Within a few hours of inflammation, neutrophilia (the rise in the neutrophil count in blood) would occur 37.Then, the neutrophils are attracted to the endothelial surface by selectins, and they roll along it. They bind firmly to neutrophil adhesion molecules of the integrin family. They next insinuate themselves through the walls of the capillaries between endothelial cells by a process called diapedesis 35. Leukocytes adhere loosely to the selectins and slowly tumble along the endothelium, sometimes coating it so thick that they obstruct blood flow. This adherence to the watercraft wall is called mar gination 38.Later, the fibrinogens are filtered into the tissue fluid clots in area adjacent to the injury, forming a sticky mesh that sequesters bacteria and other microbes 34. This is caused by release of chemicals from tissues and migrating cells. Most strongly implicated are the prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes (LTs), histamine, bradykinin, platelet- activating factor (PAF) and interleukin-1 39. Prostaglandin is implicated in inducing the production of various chemo-attractants and pro-inflammatory cytokines 36. Gislason (2009) mentioned that macrophages and neutrophils are answerable to secrete a number of mediators which is responsible not just for initiation, but also for get on withion and persistence of acute or chronic state of inflammation 31.Finally, monocytes acts as the major agent in tissue clean up and repair. It enters the blood from the bone marrow and circulated for about 72 hours. Then, they enter the tissues and become tissue macrophage. The macrophage becom es activated by lympokines from T lymphocytes 35. The activated macrophage migrate in respond to chemotactic stimuli and later engulf and destroy bacteria, damaged host cells, as well as dead and last neutrophils. Besides that, it also acts as antigen presenting cells and activating specific immune response 34.Edema may also contribute to the tissue clean up. Nitric oxide is responsible for vasodilatation, increase in vascular permeability and edema formation at the site of inflammation 36. The swelling compresses veins and reduce venous drainage, while it forces open the valve of lympathic capillaries and promote lympathic drainage. The lymphatics can collect and remove bacteria, dead cells, proteins and tissue debris better than blood capillary can. An accumulation of dead cells of neutrophils with other debris tissue and fluid will form pus, a yellowish fluid. It may accumulate in the tissue cavity and known as abcess 32. Pus is usually absorbed, but sometimes it may be released by its rupture. Blood platelets and the endothelial cells in an area of injury secrete platelet derived growth factor, an agent that stimulates fibroblast to multiply and synthesize collagen. hyperemia at the same time delivers the oxygen, amino acids and other necessities of protein synthesis, while the heat of inflamed tissue increases metabolic rate and speed of mitosis and tissue repair. The fibrin clot in inflamed tissues may provide a scaffold for tissue reconstruction 34.In part, inflammation declines simply because the mediators of inflammation have short half-lives, are dissipated after their release, and are produced in quick bursts, only as long as the stimulus persists. In addition as inflammation develops, the process also triggers a variety of stop signals that serve to actively terminate the reaction 38.Anti-inflammatory ActivityAnti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. Anti-inflammatory drugs make up about half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids, which affect the central nervous system.Drugs to control inflammation When healing is complete, the inflammatory process usually subsides 32. However, an uncontrolled and persistent inflammation that sometimes is triggered by harmless agent such pollen or by an auto immune response. It may act as an etiologic factor for many of these chronic illnesses, where it may induce, maintain or aggravate the disease 29. As mentioned, the inflammation would occur with the presence of antigen.Thus, constant supply of antigen is available from the food or environment may leads to chronic inflammation and causes diseases such as asthma, arthritis and other autoimmune diseases 31. In such cases, the defense reaction themselves may cause progressive tissue injury. Hence, anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs may be necessary to modulate the inflammatory process 37.Anti-inflammatory drugs are designed to targets th e inhibition of the release of these mediators to control inflammation 36. Harvey and Champe (2008) have classified anti-inflammatory drugs into three fellowship Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (COX-2 inhibitors) and other analgesics 32.Aspirin is a prototype of traditional NSAIDs. It works by irreversibly inhibit Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1 and 2) enzymes, which results in decreased formation of prostaglandin precursors 40. Due to this mechanism of action, aspirin also cause adverse effects such as gastric hemorrhages, hypersensitivity and thrombocytopenia 41. It is adequate a concern of healthcare providers that patients are developing intolerance from day to day. About fifteen percent of patients show intolerance with aspirin. Therefore, newer NSAIDs with greater anti-inflammatory activities are developed. However, the newer NSAIDs are considerably more expensive than aspirin and some have proved to be more toxic in the other way 32. The second category is COX-2 inhibitor. The mechanism of action is by selectively inhibiting the activity of COX-2 enzyme that results in decreased of prostaglandin precursors 37. Unlike aspirin, COX-2 inhibitors have an advantage by showing lower risk of developing gastrointestinal bleeding and have no significant effects on platelets 42. However, this drug is not recommended for renal impair patients because it may cause renal insufficiency and increase the risk of hypertension 40. It also has some possible adverse effects recorded in Malayan Index of Medical Specialities (MIMS) that it may cause allergic reaction, dizziness, headache, rash, upper respiratory infection and gastrointestinal disturbances such as dyspepsia, abdominal pain and diarrheas 41.Acetaminophen is categorized under other analgesic because it has little or no anti-inflammatory activity 32. It inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandin in the central nervous system and peripherally blocks pain impulse generation s 40. They have therapeutic advantages over narcotic analgesics which they do not cause physical dependence or tolerance and does not affect platelet function or increase blood clotting time, but it does have many of side effects similar to aspirin 42. Rarely, skin rash and allergic reaction may appear as the side effects 41.There are also drugs from autacoids antagonist such as antihistamines used to prevent progress of inflammation. The term antihistamine, without a modifying adjective, refers to the classic H1 receptor blockers 32. H1 histamine antagonists drugs are develop effectively to target the receptors to treat hay fever and some skin allergies such as urticaria. H1 receptor blockers act on immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody-sensitizing mast cell 37.Rheumatoid arthritis is alleviated by drugs, which inhibit the cyclooxygenase enzyme and reduce synthesis of prostanoids, corticosteroids prevent the formation of both prostaglandins and leukotriens by causing the release of lipoc ortin that leads to inhibition of phospholipase A2 that reduces arachidonic acid release which is able to suppress the inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis and asthma 39. Anti-cytokines therapy involving target on Interleukin-1b (IL-1b) and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) that stimulate synovial cells to proliferate and synthesize collagenase, leading to degradation of cartilage, stimulation of bone resorption, and inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis is another method that is effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis 32.Despite the benefits that the drugs hold, it also carries the side effects. As a result, it may lead various unwanted effects such as to gastric lesions, allergy reactions, tolerance and dependence, as well as resistance 40, 43. Hence, worldwide researchers are still working to produce the ideal medicines of anti-inflammatory with highest efficacy, best potency and low or none side effects.Description of the plant investigatedBauhinia acuminata L. is a species of f lowering scrub native to tropical southeastern Asia. The exact native range is obscure due to extensive cultivation, but probably from Malaysia, Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Islands), and the Philippines.It is widely cultivated throughout the tropics as an ornamental plant. It may be found as an escape from cultivation in some areas, and has become naturalized on the Cape York Peninsula, Australia 44.Common NameBangla Shwet Kanchan.Malaysian Bunga Perak.English Dwarf uninfected Bauhinia, White Mountain Ebony 45.Indonesian Panawar Saribu (Sunda Islands) Kupu-kupu (Java)Thailand Ka Long, SomSioBurma MahahlegabyuIndia Kaanchnaara, Kovidaara (Ayurvedic) Kachnaal (Unani) Vellaimandarai (Siddha/Tamil) Kanchan (Assam) Shwetkachnar, Kachnalsafaid (Punjab)Sri Lanka Sudu Kobalila (Singhalese)Japan Moku-wan-ju.Taxonomical HierchyKingdom PlantaeSubkingdom ViridaeplantaeInfrakingdom StreptophytaDivision TracheophytaSubdivision SpermatophytinaInfradivision AngiospermsClass EudicotsSuperorder RosidsOrder FabalesFamily FabaceaeSubfamily family CaesalpiniaceaeGenus BauhiniaSpecies B. acuminataBinomial name Bauhinia acuminata L.Botanical DescriptionFig.-1.1 Bauhinia acuminata L. tree.Bauhinia acuminata L. is a member of the Fabaceae family. It is a rapidly growing shrub that can reach up to 3m tall. It rises with several strong, smooth, upright stems with many slender branches young twigs being pubescent. The stipules are linear-lanceolate bars 1cm long. The leaves are cordate or nearly so are the base, bilobed to about one third of their length with obtuse or acute lobes 9-11 nerve, sparsely pubescent beneath, about 10cm long and broad. The flowers appear at the extremities of the branches 3-4 in a loose bunch with white petals. Thepedicels measure 6-12mm long. The flower buds fusiform, long attenuate at the apex and 5 setaceous dents, measures 3cm long. The calyx-limb laterally splitting, spathaceous receptacle short. The petals obovate, measure 4cm lo ng and 2cm wide. The stamens 10 all fertile, shorter than the petals anthers small.The ovary shortly stipitate, sparsely pubescent. The pods are linear-oblong, stipitate, measure 10cm long and 1.5cm wide, dark brown in colour containing 10 roundish compress seeds 46, 47.Traditional uses of Bauhinia acuminata L.The verbalize and leaves in a decoction helps relieve biliousness 48. A remedy recommended by the Indian Vaiydas 45. In Malaysia and Indonesia the plant is used in the treatment of common cold and cough 48. The root seems to be the part made used of by the Japanese in treating cough and cold. In India the decoction of the leaves and bark is given for allying asthmatic attack. The Indians made used of the bark and leaves in a decoction to treat stones in the bladder, venereal diseases and leprosy 45. Amongst the Mullu kuruma tribe of Karella the decoction of the bark is used in treating urinary discharge (gonorrhea). They make use of paste of the leaves applied on the throat for throat troubles. It is applied externally to treat skin diseases 49. The root is boiled in oil and applied to burns and pain 45.Objective of study To evaluate the free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activity of Bauhinia acuminata L. bark extracts in rats. moment of study Bauhinia acuminata L. is one of the

Significance Of Language In Animal Farm Philosophy Essay

Signifi sackce Of Language In Animal Farm Philosophy EssayThe remnant of World War II, the detonation of the atomic bomb, and the start of the Cold War, all took place during 1945. However, what also took place that year was the publishing of George Orwells, Animal Farm. Through the utilization of animals, the novel mocks certain human traits and characteristics. It depicts mans greed and selfishness as part of human nature and how innocent bystanders ar swept under and destroyed by these selfish, stony people. Orwells transformation of the pigs into humans shocks the reader who rasetually realizes the tremendous similarities that humans urinate with the pigs in the novel. A recurring theme in this novel is how language can be manipulated as an instrument of controller. From the inspiring song, Beasts of England to the commandments and the changing of them by catnap, the main source of power finishedout the novel is language and the spend of cajolery. Without the correct us e of language and the power of words in Animal Farm, the rebellion never would have taken place and certainly the end result of short sleeps complete coup detat would never have happened. Through Napoleons manipulative characteristics, the gullibility of the animals of the farm and the impressive rhetorical and propaganda skills of pig, reality is shaped by words.In the beginning of the novel, Napoleon shows no concern in what the animals do and leaves most of the leadership work and inspirational speeches to increase. Napoleon is depict as, not much of a talker, but with a spirit for getting his own way, (Orwell, 25). This foreshadows Napoleons future behaviour because later on in the novel, he takes on more of a Stalin-like role in the farm. Unable to in effect speak in public, he uses scab to talk to the animals of the farm and get them under control. However, being unable to speak effectively in public doesnt turn out him back from taking control. To maintain power, he uses many different types of propaganda techniques, one of which being, using Snowball as scapegoat. Napoleon blames the farms failures on Snowball who is no where to be found so he cannot deny or confirm any truth of what is said. For instance, when Boxer questions the loyalty of Snowball, Napoleon tells Squealer to announce that Snowball was Joness instrument from the very beginning. (Orwell, chpt.6) Boxer, being the loyal and gullible animal he is, admits that if Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right. (Orwell, chpt.6) Not only does Napoleon use Snowball as scapegoat, so that he can secure his position, he alters the s dismantle commandments to legitimize what he does (drink alcohol, sleep in beds, deal with humans). At this point in the history of the farm, the pigs do not quite have enough power to do what they like and Squealer is forced to change the Commandments to fit new circumstances. Meaning, the pigs havent in so far fully gained the trust of the animals of the fa rm and therefore need to alter the commandments secretively. The first alteration to the Commandments comes after the pigs move back into the farmhouse. As the pigs slowly adapted to the ship canal of humans, they started sleeping on beds. The ban on sleeping in beds was changed in Napoleons favour by the addition of the words with sheets. When Cl everyplace questions the sleeping in beds of the pigs, she finds that the fourthly commandment says, No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets. (Orwell, chpt.5) Cl everyplace doesnt quite remember the with sheets being there and eventually concludes that it must have been there, (Orwell, chpt.5) Due to Clovers faulty memory she wasnt able to recognize this alteration.From drinking alcohol to murder, and everything in between, Napoleon abused the seven commandments of Animalism and was never rebelled against, not once. This was delinquent to all the animals of the farm being very gullible, to such an extent, that they didnt realize what was really going on. The gullibility of the animals played an important role in taking Napoleon to the top. He relies on the gullibility of the strongest animals, like Boxer the horse, and the apathy of the wisest, like Benjamin the donkey. When anyone questions Napoleons version of history, he has a herd of sheep chant loudly over their protests. In Chapter nine, we read of the tragic death of Boxer, the veteran of the Battle of the Cowshed and the Battle of the Windmill. Boxers motto had always been I will work harder, (Orwell, chpt.3) and it is only this over exertion in rebuilding the windmill which finally causes his death. One day he collapses and is taken away to the slaughterhouse where his body parts are commercially exploited. When the animals question this tragic death, they are yet again fooled by Squealer. The animals were relieved to hear that, he had received admirable care and expensive medicine for which Napoleon had paid without a thought as to the cost, , (Orwell , chpt.8).They are told that Boxer was given the best of the best treatment, however, couldnt survive. The animals, being gullible, calmly agree with him and are told to work even harder since Boxer is not there to help anymore. In chapter 5, when the pigs were found sleeping in beds, Clover thought that there was surely a definite notice against sleeping in beds. Muriel, she said, read me the Fourth Commandment. Does it not say something roughly never sleeping in a bed? (Orwell, chpt.5) However, Squealer came along to relieve that a bed is merely a place to sleep in. A pile of straw in a stall is a bed, properly regarded. The order was against sheets, which are a human invention. We have removed the sheets from the far (Orwell, chpt.5) Clover eventually agreed as she could not remember and because Squealer was thought as a friend, she accepted what he said and didnt argue any further. All that year the animals worked like slaves. (Orwell, 63) The animals thought that by obeying the pigs, they were preventing the farm from disbanding. Orwell is quite literally suggesting that even if a smart person or leader says something, it cannot be assumed to be true, as demonstrated by politicians. Propaganda only succeeds if people are gullible.Squealer, described as quite the tricky pig, takes advantage of the other animals ignorance and exploits it to an unimaginable level. Squealer has all the characteristics of a successful orator he is charismatic, intelligent, emotional, persuasive, and even hypnotic. Above all, through the use of correct words and rhetoric, he is able to manipulate language in order to gain the confidence of the animals of the farm. Squealer, being the most powerful limb which Napoleon possesses, uses his extraordinary skills to bring Napoleon to such a height of success. Squealer constantly puts particular spins on events and conditions and he uses slogans and such to help control the other animals. For instance, when the animals question t he pigs getting all the apples and milk, he replies,You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances perfectly necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers. The whole management and organization of this farm depend on us. Day and night we are watching over your welfare. It is for your sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples (Orwell, chpt.3).Squealer often uses comrades to give the animals a title, a position, which really makes them feel important, useful and in place. However, when it comes to them questioning the actions of the pigs, Squealer often threatens the animals that Mr. Jones will come back, Surely, comrades, surely there is no one among you who desires to see Jones come back? (Orwell, chpt.3) It continues to say how the animals certainly do not want Mr. Jones back. The importance of keeping the pigs in good health was all too obvious (Orwell, chpt.3) This comes to show how Squealer has the animals so deeply convinced, that they dont know what is actually happening. Also, Squealer often uses certain slogans that drum ideas into their head, rather than having them think about anything. Slogans such as, Tactics, comrades, tactics (Orwell, chpt.5) are used to get the interest of the animals and have them thinking about what they are doing wrong. This displays Squealers ability to use certain words and slogans to not only convince the animals, but have them happily agree with him. Although Squealer is a porker pig, he plays almost the main character in the novel. Without Squealers ability to persuade, Napoleon was to get nowhere. By giving Squealer such a role, Orwell is suggesting that one doesnt have to weigh intelligent to be intelligent, but, in fact, must know how to use their intelligence correctly, for good or for bad.The main source of power was from the correct use of rhetoric and language. Through Napoleons manipulative characteristics, the gullibility of the animals of the farm and the impressive rhetorical and propaganda skills of Squealer, reality was shaped by words. Animal farm discreetly gives out warning signs on life and what to expect of people. Using animals on a farm, Orwell tells about an unstable fight for power. Hidden warnings found in the book depend on the reader. Orwell mainly pushes the points of education as a necessity of life, there is no peace when striving for power, and words have a very large impact on the minds of others. Many things in life can be used as a warning but it is unfortunate that the warnings arent usually noticed until it is too late. no(prenominal) of the animals knew how much education meant, or how much the greed for power had taken over, or even that they were being lied to through the w ords of those very persuade pigs. By demonstrating how easily swayed the animals of the farm are by a powerful speech or strong words, Orwell is demonstrating the human vulnerability to carefully chosen words and our unfortunate ability to fall victim to the power of words without understanding the deeper meanings behind them.Work CitedOrwell, George. Animal Farm. New York Harcourt, Brace Company.1946. Print.Orwell, George. George Orwell Animal Farm. George Orwell Complete Works, biography, Quotes, Essays. Web. 14 Jan. 2011. .

Affirmative Action is Harmful to Society Essay -- Synthesis Essays, Ar

In the controversial realms of affirmative action, the largest issue staunchly fought over is whether minorities should be given preferential treatment in the workplace and in the schools. One side declares that those in the minority group need and deserve governmental aid so that they will be on advert ground with the majority group. Opponents of affirmative action point out that setting apart groups based on their race or ethnicity is purely racism and can glide by to reverse discrimination. I am against affirmative action for the aforementioned reasons, and would not consider such racism as necessary for creating a healthy society, as proponents would insist. It is my belief that affirmative action today is out of date and is inherently harmful to society. Affirmative action supporter Stephen Steinberg, in his essay The Affirmative put through Debate, argued that equality in society is not possible without governmental intervention and aid. He asserts the problem is stated falsely when it is suggested that we must choose between be or preference, or between the rights of individuals and the rights of groups, or between a color-blind or color-conscious society (363). Yet while he said that, he support the very issues he is adamant against by favoring affirmative action. Earlier in his essay he describes the history of affirmative action in the workplace from equal rights for all, to reaching out to select certain minority groups for employment, and to preferential treatment of minorities (360). Of these three, the only one I can fully and strongly support is the first. When I look at all the aspects of this issue I wonder if we have failed to focus on the correct issue. Affirmative actions purpose claims to be t... ...Society. Ed. Bryan J. Grapes. San Diego Greenhaven. 2000. 38-46. Gelles, Richard J., and Ann Levine. Sociology An Introduction. San Francisco McGraw-Hill College, 1999. Kristol, Irving. The Tragic mistake of Affirmative Action. Wall Street Journal 1 Aug. 1994. Rpt. in Interracial America Opposing Viewpoints as Affirmative Action is Reverse Discrimination. Ed. Bonnie Szumski. San Diego Greenhaven. 1996. 144-48. Silverstein, Shel. Where the paving Ends. San Francisco Harper, 1974. Steele, Shelby. Social Evils. The New York Times 13 Mar. 1994. Rpt. in Interracial America Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Bonnie Szumski. San Diego Greenhaven. 1996. 175. Steinberg, Stephen. The Affirmative Action Debate. The UNESCO Courier Mar. 1996. Rpt. in Essays from Contemporary Culture. quaternary ed. Ed. Katherine Anne Ackley. San Diego Harcourt. 2001. 359-63.

We All Must Take Responsibility :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

We All Must Take Responsibility   She is a really prudent person. He doesnt take responsibility for his actions. She was responsible for the accident. How many times have we heard statements similar to these? A definition of responsible might be accountable, reliable, dependable, or trustworthy. Based on my observations and experiences, I believe many people have a problem translating that into their everyday lives. If something bad happens, it must be someone elses fault, or someone should have to pay.       A few months ago, I was involved in my first car accident. I think its pretty remarkable that this was my first accident, considering that Ive been crusade for almost thirty years. The accident itself was pretty traumatic. I was at a complete stop behind two cars that were turning left, when a large caravan traveling at about thirty-five mph rear-ended my car. I was fortunate to escape with only some large bruises and a very sore articulatio genus however, the car didnt fare quite as well. What was much amazing than the accident itself were the actions of the young man who ran into my car. Instead of taking responsibility for his actions, he lied to the guard and to his policy company about the events that took place. His version was that he was driving behind me when I ran into the car in front of me, then bounced back into his van. Perhaps if hed had more time he might have been able to concoct a more credible story, one that actually made sense. In the end, the police and his insurance company saw through his lies and everything was taken care of. But in the meantime, my car was towed away and I was left with no car. Whats amazing to me is that he neer got out of his van to see if anyone was injured, and he never apologized for smashing two cars and causing me the inconvenience of being without a car for five weeks while the pervert was repaired.       Several months ago, there was a tragic fire near the Quad Cities. Unfortunately, two young children lost their lives when one of them started a fire in their apartment.

Scientific Method Essay -- Science Experiments Essays

Scientific MethodThales of Miletus (624-546 B.C.) was the first to suggest a adept material substratum for the universe--namely water or moisture. His cosmology proposes that all objects in the universe are composed of water. His choice of water as the component mental synthesis block of all matter may have been due to the apparent motion of bodies of water and the conversion of water to vapor and back. Anaximander of Miletus (610-545 B.C.) was the foremost student of Thales. He denied Thales claim that water was the basic matter of the universe, stating instead that the world was derived from apeiron (meaning unlimited). The state of apeiron preceeded the separation into other qualities, such as hot and cold or wet and dry , and thus represents the primitive unity of all things. Anaximenes of Miletus was a student of Thales and Anaximander. He, however, proposed aer as the component matter of the universe. He believed that when aer was evenly distributed it was the air of the atmo sphere, and as it condensed it became mist, water, and eventually other solid matter. If aer was rarefied it became fire. The progression of ideas from Thales to Anaximenes, held by Aristotle to be the fathers of philosophy, shows a sequence of refinements in the beliefs regarding the temper of the universe. Though no modern scientists would suscribe to their theories regarding the nature of the basic constituents of matter, they illustrate the process of refining previous theories in l...

Comparison of Once More to the Lake and The Grave :: essays papers

Comparison of Once More to the Lake and The chafe Authors often use details that evoke a response in readers to produce an effective description. Their aim is not simply to tell readers what something looks like but to show them. Katherine Anne Porters The Grave and E.B. albumens Once More to the Lake are essays that use subjective language to illustrate the principles of effective description. Porters The Grave describes a childish good afternoon of rabbit hunting that brings death close enough to be seen and understood, while Whites Once More tot he Lake is a chaste essay of persona reminiscence in which he recreates the lakeside camp he visited with his son.One of the first things readers notice when they read Katherine Anne Porters The Grave was her use of vivid details. Mirandas clothes are described in specific details She was wearing her summer roughing outfit dark blue overalls, a light blue shirt, a hired mans hat, and thick brown sandals. Through her use of detai l, Porter creates her dominant impression about Mirandas feelings on female decorum as shameful. Porter describes Mirandas meeting with old women. . . who smoked corn-cob pipes she met along the roadThey slanted their gummy old eyes side-ways at the granddaughterand said, Aint you ashamed of yoself, Missy? Its aginst the Scriptures to dress like that. Whut yo Pappy thinkin about?By describing Mirandas reaction to the old womens questioning, Porter conveys the awareness of embarrassment Miranda felt. She describes Mirandas reaction by using a simile with her powerful social sense, which was like a fine set of antennae radiating from both pore of her skin . . . Miranda is ashamed because she knew it was rude and ill-bred to shock anyone although she had faith in her fathers judgment and was perfectly comfortable in the clothes. other example of Porters use of specific details is how she describes the at peace(predicate) rabbit. AsMirandas brother Paul stripped the skin away f rom the dead animal the flayed flesh emerged darkscarlet, sleek, firm. He slit thin flesh from the center of the ribs to the flanks, and a scarlet bagappeared. He slit the bag undefendable to find a bundle of baby rabbits, each wrapped in a scarlet thinveil. Paul pulled them off to reveal their true air dark grey, their wet down lying in